Optimasi Produksi Biodiesel Menggunakan Katalis CaO/C Berbasis Karbon Aktif Cangkang Sawit dengan Metode Box Behnken Design

Al Khusna, Laila and , Ir. Nur Hidayati, M.T., Ph.D. (2026) Optimasi Produksi Biodiesel Menggunakan Katalis CaO/C Berbasis Karbon Aktif Cangkang Sawit dengan Metode Box Behnken Design. Thesis thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

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Abstract

The increasing generation of waste cooking oil and the need for sustainable renewable fuels have encouraged the development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. This study aimed to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil using a palm kernel shell-derived CaO/activated carbon catalyst (CaO/C) and to optimize the transesterification process conditions. The catalyst was prepared by KOH activation of palm kernel shell biochar followed by CaO impregnation and characterized using BET, XRD, and FTIR analyses. Process optimization was conducted using Response Surface Methodology with a Box–Behnken Design by evaluating the effects of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time on biodiesel yield. The CaO/C catalyst exhibited a BET surface area of 107.62 m²/g, indicating the preservation of a porous structure after calcium loading. XRD and FTIR analyses revealed that the dominant detectable calcium-containing phase was calcite-type CaCO₃, suggesting carbonation of CaO during catalyst preparation or storage. Biodiesel yield varied from 25.6% to 94.7% across the experimental runs. The developed quadratic model was statistically significant with excellent predictive capability (R² = 0.9915; adjusted R² = 0.9787). Among the investigated variables, the methanol-to-oil molar ratio had the greatest influence on biodiesel yield. The highest experimental biodiesel yield of 94.70% was achieved at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst concentration of 7 wt%, reaction time of 90 min, and temperature of 60 °C, while numerical optimization predicted a maximum yield of 95.98%. These findings demonstrate that palm kernel shell-derived CaO/C has strong potential as a low-cost and sustainable heterogeneous catalyst for converting waste cooking oil into biodiesel, contributing to waste valorization and renewable energy production.

Item Type:	Thesis (Thesis)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	biodiesel, katalis, CaO/karbon aktif, Box-Behnken Design
Subjects:	Q Science > QD Chemistry T Technology > TP Chemical technology
Divisions:	Fakultas Teknik > S2 Teknik Kimia
Depositing User:	Laila Khusna
Date Deposited:	19 Aug 2026 06:37
Last Modified:	19 Aug 2026 06:37
URI:	http://eprints.ums.ac.id/id/eprint/148662

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